RC Low-Pass Filters

The resistor-capacitor (RC) low-pass filter circuit diagram is given below. The voltage across the resistor is given by Ohm's law and is VR = I x R. The voltage across the capacitor, Vout lags the current by 900 and is given by Vout = I x XC, where XC is the capacitive reactance.

Looking at the diagram, Pythagoras's Theorem can be used to obtain the expression Vin = (VR2 + Vout2) ^ 0.5.

The impedance (ie combination of resistance and reactance) looking from the supply into the circuit is given by Z = (R2 + XC2) ^ 0.5.

The current in the circuit, I, is equal to Vin / Z.

RC Low-Pass Filter Excel Spreadsheet

MathML formulaFormula ImageStraight text formula
$f c = 1 2πRC$ fc = 1 / 2πRC

Where

fc = cut off frequency, Hertz

= that frequency at which output power has fallen by half

= that frequency at which output voltage has fallen by 1/(2^0.5) = 0.707

R = resistance in Ohms

C = capacitance in Farads

The cut off frequency is defined as that frequency at which the output power has fallen by 50%, ie 1/(2^0.5) = 0.707 of the voltage.

I intend to build the circuit below to test my understanding of RC low-pass filters. The 1 Ohm resistor makes little difference to the operation of the circuit, but can be used as a convenient way to measure current (a high input impedance voltmeter connected across the 1 ohm resistor will give a reading in volts that corresponds 1:1 with the current in amps).

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